BioMedical Engineering OnLine is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that is dedicated to publishing research in all areas of biomedical engineering. BioMedical Engineering OnLine is aimed at readers and authors throughout the world, with an interest in using tools of the physical and data sciences and techniques in engineering to understand and solve problems in the biological and medical sciences. Topical areas include, but are not limited to: Bioinformatics Bioinstrumentation Biomechanics Biomedical Devices & Instrumentation Biomedical Signal Processing Healthcare Information Systems Human Dynamics Neural Engineering Rehabilitation Engineering Biomaterials Biomedical Imaging & Image Processing BioMEMS and On-Chip Devices Bio-Micro/Nano Technologies Biomolecular Engineering Biosensors Cardiovascular Systems Engineering Cellular Engineering Clinical Engineering Computational Biology Drug Delivery Technologies Modeling Methodologies Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Biomedicine Respiratory Systems Engineering Robotics in Medicine Systems and Synthetic Biology Systems Biology Telemedicine/Smartphone Applications in Medicine Therapeutic Systems, Devices and Technologies Tissue Engineering This publication promotes the rapid and free accessibility of articles for biomedical engineering researchers everywhere, who are linked together by their various research interests and their values in promoting benefits to all of humanity.